Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder often first recognised in childhood but it can be lifelong. It involves deficits of attention and hyperactivity not related to any intellectual disability. It has two classes of symptoms- inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive. Inattentive symptoms can include a lack of focus, inability to complete tasks, problems following instructions or forgetfulness. Hyperactive/impulsive symptoms can include fidgeting, lots of energy, problems sitting still or doing one thing, talking to much, talking at inappropriate times or impulsive behaviour. It is not uncommon to have a combined presentation where both types of symptoms are present.

The causes of ADHD are believed to be mostly biological. Genetic factors are the main one, however behaviours during a person’s mothers pregnancy such as alcohol consumption or smoking during pregnancy have been associated with person having ADHD. Being born prematurely or having a low birth weight have also been linked, as have certain brain injuries. These appear to affect the frontal lobe in a way that changes the attentional and regulations systems in the brain.

There are many myths around ADHD that have never been supported by science. A lack of parental discipline is not associated with causing ADHD even though helping a child learn clear and simple rules may help them to manage it. TV and computer games have shown no link, neither has poverty or a lack of a father figure. The best evidence appears to point toward genetic and neurodevelopmental factors causing ADHD.

The primary recommended treatment for ADHD is often medication. This condition is easily managed with medication. However, this option is not right for everyone and for some it may only be part of the picture (with a combination of medication and therapy being preferred). Psychotherapy for ADHD is often behavioural in orientation (especially for children). This may include social skills training to help people integrate better or activity planning to ensure they are supported to meet their goals in school, work, home. Mindfulness and relaxation techniques may also help the person learn to focus when they need to and self-soothe at times they cannot be active. Encouraging the person to take care of their physical health is important too. Eating healthily, getting enough sleep and exercise are all associated with being able to manage ADHD.

A quasi-coaching relationship can often be used with more traditional counselling/therapy methods to help the client work on any emotional issues and concerns they may have. Issues such as anxiety, depression, self-esteem and relational difficulties are common amongst people with ADHD and as such, these issues require treatment alongside any ADHD-specific treatment. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is often the treatment of choice for these co-occurring issues however other approaches such as Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) can also have helpful benefits.

If you are seeking help with an ADHD Diagnosis, our sister company Enlightened Minds can help. At Enlightened Minds, ADHD assessments are carried out by Gemma Holmes, HCPC Registered and Chartered Psychologist, and can be offered remotely by phone/videocall.